Prince Constantijn van Oranje-Nassau is one of Europe’s clearest voices on tech sovereignty, startup scaling and industrial AI. His argument is blunt: Europe is not doomed in AI. But it is moving too slowly, thinking too nationally, and not investing enough capital required to compete.

Europe should not focus on LLMs. The LLM race is crowded, expensive and dominated by the US and China. The better opportunity lies in industrial AI, world models, semiconductors, edge compute, quantum, robotics, energy, manufacturing data and deep tech.

AI sovereignty is really about vulnerability. Europe has ceded too much control over cloud, compute, manufacturing, batteries, raw materials and digital infrastructure. If access to models, chips or critical components can be weaponised, Europe needs alternatives and leverage.

Europe is optimised for society; China for speed; America for innovation. Europe’s rule of law, freedoms and social systems are strengths, but they do not automatically create velocity. Without urgency, Europe risks becoming “the museum of the world”. Meanwhile, Europe's automotive industry is "a very fat canary".

Fragmentation is Europe’s tax on ambition. Founders face different rules, capital pools, clients and talent systems across 27 jurisdictions. EU Inc (the plan for a single trans- EU corporate listing), capital markets union and larger scale-up funds matter because European companies need to think global from day one.

Startups cannot do the heavy lifting alone. Founders need corporate customers, procurement, infrastructure, energy, compute, capital and permission to move fast. Large European companies need to treat startups as core to innovation, not as side experiments.

The optimistic case is still real. The continent has talent, capital, universities, industrial strength, rule of law and deep technical clusters. If it can mobilise those assets with urgency, it can still build a distinctive model of AI strength. But time is running out - "we need to be much more aggressive."

Constantijn's message is clear: Europe has to choose to compete — and it must then accept the sacrifices necessary to do so with urgency, capital and industrial muscle. If not, it risks irrelevancy. "What are we willing to give up.... to get back in control?"

Note: this was recorded as part of a live remote webinar at INSEAD and not in the studio so there are occasional audio imperfections.

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Ray Eitel-Porter led Accenture’s global responsible AI practice and co-authored Governing the Machine. This episode asks what happens when AI moves from giving answers to taking actions — and why AI Governance may yet become the cornerstone of management in the Age of Intelligence.

Chatbots make mistakes; agents do things. Today’s AI can hallucinate, but Agentic AI spends money, updates systems, contacts third parties and triggers workflows. When it fails, it will fail at speed with potentially huge consequences.

A company-destroying AI accident is plausible. Ray does not dismiss the risk of a mid-sized business being badly damaged by an AI agent running loose — deleting records, spending cash, exposing data or creating operational chaos before anyone notices.

“Human in the loop” is not a magic shield. Humans only help if they understand the system, stay alert and have authority to intervene. The more accurate AI becomes, the easier it is to over-trust it.

If AI is right 99% of the time who stays awake for the 1%? The smarter the AI, the more dangerous complacency becomes. Ray highlights the example of “cognitive speed bumps” — deliberate pauses that force people to question the machine rather than simply approve its output.

Big firms are waking up; smaller firms may be exposed. Regulation, reputational risk and financial losses are pushing large corporates towards better AI governance. Mid-sized companies may adopt powerful tools faster than they build controls.

AI regulation will probably be sector by sector. Healthcare, finance, recruitment and public services need different rules because AI risk depends on context. One global rulebook is unlikely.

The best governance uses existing business systems. Do not bolt on a new AI bureaucracy. Review procurement, compliance, risk, legal and operational controls with an AI lens.

Accountability should sit with the business owner. Not just IT, legal or the vendor. The executive who wants the AI system and signs off the business case should own both the upside and the risk.

Boards need to ask three questions. Who is accountable? Do we know where AI is being used? Have people been trained well enough to use it safely and productively?

Training is where many rollouts fail. Generic Copilot training is not enough. The value comes when teams redesign real work around AI, not when they learn a few prompts.

Governance may become a source of value. In a world where machines produce more of the work, customers will pay for assurance: that outputs have been checked, systems are controlled and someone trustworthy stands behind them.

The more we worry about the technology of AI, the more we come back to people. Ray’s message is cautiously optimistic: AI governance is possible. But the weak link may yet be the humans.

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Olivier Toubia is a Columbia Business School professor working at the frontier of AI, marketing, consumer behaviour, and digital twins. This was recorded late last year but his arguments are relevant and clear: LLMs drive towards the average which means its hard to mimic the diversity of human existence.

• Digital twins are promising — but not ready. Synthetic consumers for research purposes (e.g. virtual focus groups) are fast and cheap, but Toubia’s research suggests they are still too biased and inconsistent to trust too far. Learn what happened when they compared digital and human twins' responses to the same questions.

• Politics is the worst domain to deploy synthetic focus groups: The base model exerts a powerful pull. Twins often reflect the worldview of the model as much as the individual they are meant to represent, especially in politics, where performance is weakest. AI is too sensible - compared to humans it tends to be more moderate: in one study 45% of humans wanted to deport illegal immigrants and only 5% of digital twins agreed.

• Synthetic personalities reflect a clear pro-tech bias. Twins tend to be more comfortable with algorithms, less concerned about privacy, and more trusting of technology than humans actually are. AI twins thinks AI is smarter than humans....

• Generative AI has entered its monetisation phase with advertising as the likely endgame Subscriptions and enterprise sales matter, but the bigger prize is becoming the interface for search, discovery, decision-making, and purchase.

• Business adoption remains uneven but labour anxiety is rational Many pilots are failing to deliver meaningful returns; senior leaders are often enthusiastic, while middle managers and employees are more sceptical.

• AI can be creative, but not at the edges. AI tools can recombine ideas - "its a fallacy to think that AI will never be able create new things". However, it still misses the diversity of lived experience that gives humans their edge. The push is towards the average.

We usually worry about AI driving polarisation - Olivier's work shows that current LLM tools trend towards the opposite. Humans can provide the spikiness and AI the padding.

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